Although electrons are very small, their negative electrical charges are still quite strong. This is because the protons have more mass and are harder to get moving. Since the electron is much smaller and lighter than a proton, when they are attracted to each other due to their unlike charges, the electron usually does most of the moving. On the other hand, electrons and protons will be attracted to each other because of their unlike charges. Two protons will also tend to repel each other because they both have a positive charge. Two electrons will tend to repel each other because both have a negative electrical charge. Like charges repel while unlike charges attract. This means that the strengths of these two fields are equal and that the proton is exactly as positive as the electron is negative. Notice the negative electron and the positive proton have the same number of force field lines in each of the diagrams. In other words, the electrostatic fields for positive charges and negative charges have opposite polarity. Non-zero charges are surrounded by a kind of invisible force field called an electrostatic field. An electrostatic field comes out of a positive charge, like is shown by the outward arrows in the proton diagram above, and goes into a negative charge (see the electron diagram). Protons have a positive electrical charge with a value of +1.602x10^-19 coulombs. A good way to remember what charge protons have is to remember both proton and positive charge start with " P." Electrostatic Fields Protons, like the one shown on the right, are much larger and heavier than electrons and reside in the atom's nucleus. It is the charge carried by 6.25 x 10^18 electrons. Coulombs (C) is the unit used to describe how much charge is present. Electrons are said to have a negative charge with a value of -1.602x10^-19 coulombs (ku`-lums). Electrons are in constant motion as they circle around the nucleus of that atom. Predict what happens when electric charges interact with other charges.ÂĮlectrons, like the one shown on the left, are the smallest and lightest of the particles in an atom.Explain the electrical differences between electrons and protons.This is, appropriately, referred to as "confinement." This is why we don't observe quarks-and therefore their fractional charges-outside their composite particles (such as protons and neutrons).After reading this section you will be able to do the following: Quarks are confined to the particles they compose. Likewise, neutrons are composed of two down quarks and one up quark, so the total charge is 0. Protons are composed of two up quarks and one down quark, so the total charge is +1. Up, charm, and top all have fractional charge of +2/3, while down, strange, and bottom all have a charge of -1/3. It turns out that protons and neutrons are composed of particles called "quarks." These quarks, which come in different "flavors" (up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom) make up certain particles. However, there are particles with fractional charge. Therefore, the charges of such particles are integer values. The charge of an atom or composite particle is found by adding the charges of its protons and electrons (since neutrons are electrically neutral). So, protons have charge +1, and electrons, -1, using units of e. Usually, if charge is described as just a number, it is in units of e, or the charge of a proton, which is approximately 1.6x10 -19 Coulombs (also the absolute value of the charge of an electron).
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